Socioeconomic Status, Crowding, COVID-19 Perceptions, and Protective Behavior

Crowding, a key factor that catalyzes the transmission of infectious diseases, disproportionately affects individuals from lower socioeconomic groups. The purpose current study was to assess whether status (SES) and crowding are related differences in COVID-19 risk efficacy perceptions these explain protective behaviors. We specifically focused on household income education as indicators SES, public transportation use crowding. Results an online survey 387 working adults, collected during second peak pandemic Turkey, showed SES were negatively perceptions. On other hand, crowding, positively hygiene-related behavior physical distancing. Moreover, association between perceived norms distancing moderated by such positive relationship stronger at higher levels domestic Yet, robustness checks suggest further evidence is needed before make any definitive conclusions about interaction effect.